Resumen (Introducción): La sostenibilidad de los hogares es un gran desafío en la actualidad. En ellos se desarrollan actividades que aceleran la degradación del ambiente como, por ejemplo, la mala disposición de residuos sólidos urbanos, consumo excesivo de energía eléctrica y agua, uso de combustibles fósiles. (Objetivo): Determinar el nivel de sostenibilidad de hogares urbanos del municipio de Macuspana, Tabasco, México. (Metodología): Se evaluaron 370 hogares urbanos representativos al total de viviendas urbanas habitadas en el municipio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se utilizo un marco de evaluación de la sostenibilidad para hogares urbanos (MESHU) creado a partir de la selección, medición y clasificación porcentual de indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales. Se evaluaron 30 indicadores de sostenibilidad divididos en los siguientes atributos: autogestión, adaptabilidad, cultura ambiental, convivencia y productividad. (Resultados): El nivel de sostenibilidad de los hogares fue del 45 %, es decir, son medianamente sustentables. (Conclusiones): La evaluación de sostenibilidad en hogares urbanos permitió una aproximación a la realidad sobre las prácticas y uso de los recursos naturales en la vida cotidiana. Se evidenció también que existe una cultura en los hogares hacia la sostenibilidad.

Abstract (Introduction): The sustainability of homes is a mayor challenge today. Activities that accelerate environmental degradation are developed on them, for example: poor disposal of urban solid waste, excessive consumption of electricity and water, and use of fossil fuels. (Objective): To determine the level of sustainability of urban homes in the municipality of Macuspana, Tabasco, Mexico. (Methodology): 370 urban house representatives of the total number of urban dwellings inhabited in the city were evaluated, with a confidence level of 95 %. A Sustainability Assessment Framework for Urban Homes (MESHU) created from the selection, measurement, and percentage rank of social, economic, and environmental indicators is proposed. 30 sustainability indicators divided into the following attributes were evaluated: self-management, adaptability, environmental culture, coexistence and productivity. (Results): The sustainability level of the homes was 45 %, this means that they are pretty sustainable. (Conclusions): The sustainability assessment of urban homes allowed an approximation of the reality of practices and use of natural resources in the daily life. It was also evident that homes have a culture toward sustainability.

ABSTRACT In order to achieve the objectives set out in its National Economic and Social Development Plan through 2030, Cuba needs to have a solid, diversified, articulated and complementary productive structure. It represents a challenge for the country to make the changes foreseen in the Conceptualization of the Cuban economic and social development model to adapt the current dynamics and requirements of international economic development. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the current productive structure, measuring the relative importance and complementarity of the sectors in national economy, based on indicators of the National Accounts System. The main results reflect sectoral imbalances and small sectoral complementarity, low productive linkages, asymmetries development of provinces, low complexity exportable products with limited added value.

RESUMEN Para lograr los objetivos planteados en su Plan Nacional de desarrollo económico y social hasta el 2030, Cuba necesita tener una estructura productiva sólida,diversificada, articulada y que se complemente. Representa un reto para el país, hacer los cambios previstos en la Conceptualización del modelo de desarrollo económico y social cubano para adaptarse a las actuales dinámicas y requerimientos del desarrollo económico internacional. El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la actual estructura productiva, midiendo la importancia relativa y complementariedad de los sectores en la economía nacional, en base a indicadores seleccionados del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales. Los principales resultados reflejan desequilibrios y poca complementariedad sectoriales, bajos encadenamientos productivos, asimetrías en el desarrollo de las provincias y producciones exportables de baja complejidad con escaso valor agregado.

ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for the proper functioning of a country, but unfortunately, it can face problems that undermine its efficiency and transparency. For this reason, this research analyzes the top 23 companies that sold over $2.21 billion to the Ecuadorian government between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive methodology and a quantitative approach were used to classify the companies based on their origin, economic activity, and financial situation. The results reveal that 67% of these companies are of Ecuadorian origin. In terms of their financial situation, although they have a strong liquidity position, financing expenses completely dilute their profits, resulting in a negative net profit margin. This finding suggests the need to establish public policies that promote the diversification of economic sectors and the implementation of effective financial management strategies in contracting companies to improve their profitability and long-term financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La contratación pública es crucial para el buen funcionamiento de un país, pero desafortunadamente puede enfrentar problemas que perjudican su eficiencia y transparencia. Por este motivo, esta investigación analiza las 23 principales empresas que entre 2015 y 2020 vendieron más de 2.21 mil millones de dólares con el Estado ecuatoriano. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y un enfoque cuantitativo para clasificar a las empresas según su origen, actividad económica y situación financiera. Los resultados revelan que el 67% de estas empresas son de origen ecuatoriano. En cuanto a su situación financiera, aunque tienen una posición sólida en términos de liquidez, los gastos del financiamiento diluyen en su totalidad las utilidades, generando una rentabilidad neta de ventas negativa. Este hallazgo sugiere la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas que promuevan la diversificación de los sectores económicos y la implementación de estrategias de gestión financiera efectivas en las empresas contratistas para mejorar su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad financiera en el largo plazo.

Resumo Obras de arte especiais com elementos estruturais mistos de aço e concreto consistem em uma solução popular, uma vez que tais elementos combinam os benefícios estruturais do aço e do concreto. Em pontes de pequenos e médios vãos, a solução que usualmente garante resultados econômicos interessantes é composta por uma laje de concreto sobre vigamento de aço em perfis I. Outras opções que despontam como alternativas eficientes na construção de obras de arte especiais são o sistema de vigas com conectores de cisalhamento em chapa de aço contínua recortada e o sistema de vigas mistas preflexionadas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a realização de um estudo comparativo das diferentes soluções de vigas mistas a fim de delimitar a performance das soluções propostas. Para tanto, o estudo de caso da superestrutura de uma ponte ferroviária de duas vias com vão biapoiado é apresentada em detalhes para definir os indicadores de desempenho das soluções. As soluções de vigas mistas propostas apresentaram vantagens quando comparadas com o sistema tradicional, demonstrando o impacto positivo de seu uso no contexto das obras de arte especiais. popular vãos I preflexionadas disso tanto tradicional

Abstract Steel-concrete composite bridges are a popular solution due to the structural benefits of both steel and concrete. The typical system of a concrete slab and steel I-girders for small and medium-span bridges often displays the most economical results. However, other solutions emerge as innovative alternatives for bridge construction, such as composite beams with composite dowels and pre-cambered composite beams. This paper aims to develop a comparative study of these composite beam solutions to delimitate their efficiency, performance, and economy. Thus, a case study for the superstructure of a two-way simply supported railway bridge is detailed to define the composite beam’s performance indicators. The innovative alternatives presented benefits when compared to the traditional system, demonstrating the positive impact of their use on bridges. Steelconcrete Steel Igirders I girders mediumspan medium span results However construction precambered pre cambered efficiency economy Thus twoway two way s indicators

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease.

RESUMO O Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) é um estudo coordenado pela Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCDE) sobre ensino, aprendizagem, ambiente na sala de aula e condições de trabalho dos docentes e diretores escolares do 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB), a partir das suas opiniões e relatos. Neste artigo, desenvolvemos uma análise quantitativa sobre os resultados de Portugal, comparando-os com a média dos países da OCDE. Tivemos como base os valores obtidos nos 61 indicadores quantificados nas dez áreas definidas nos dois relatórios da OCDE sobre o TALIS 2018, bem como a perspetiva da OCDE quanto à influência desses indicadores na melhoria da qualidade da educação. Verificámos que: a) para os professores portugueses, o número de indicadores desfavoráveis à melhoria da qualidade da educação é muito superior ao número de indicadores favoráveis, tanto nas áreas referentes a competências e conhecimentos básicos como nas referentes a prestígio, responsabilidade e autonomia; b) para os diretores portugueses, o número de indicadores desfavoráveis é superior ao de indicadores favoráveis no total de todas as áreas. Concluímos que, segundo os diretores e docentes (em especial estes), o panorama educativo do 3.º CEB em Portugal se situa muito abaixo da média dos países da OCDE, em relação à potencialidade de melhoria da qualidade de educação neste nível educativo.

ABSTRACT The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) is a study coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) about teaching, learning, classroom environment and the working conditions of teachers and school principals of the 3rd cycle of basic education (CEB), based on their opinions and reports. In this article, we develop a quantitative analysis of Portugal's results, comparing them with the average of OECD countries, based on the values obtained in the 61 indicators quantified in the ten areas defined in the two OECD reports on TALIS 2018 together with the OECD perspective regarding the influence of these indicators in improving the quality of education. We found that: a) for Portuguese teachers, the number of unfavourable indicators for improving the quality of education is much higher than the number of favourable indicators, both in the areas referring to basic skills and knowledge and in those referring to prestige, responsibility and autonomy; b) for Portuguese principals, the number of unfavourable indicators is higher than the number of favourable indicators in the total of all areas. We conclude that, according to principals and teachers (especially the latter), the educational landscape of the 3rd CEB in Portugal is far below the average of OECD countries in relation to the potential for improving the quality of education in this level.

RESUMEN La Encuesta Internacional sobre la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje (TALIS) es un estudio coordinado por la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) sobre la enseñanza, el aprendizaje, el entorno de las aulas y las condiciones de trabajo de los profesores y directores de centros de enseñanza del 3er ciclo de educación básica (CEB), basado en sus opiniones e informes. En este artículo, desarrollamos un análisis cuantitativo de los resultados de Portugal, comparándolos con la media de los países de la OCDE, a partir de los valores obtenidos en los 61 indicadores cuantificados en las diez áreas definidas en los dos informes de la OCDE sobre TALIS 2018 junto con la perspectiva de la OCDE sobre la influencia de estos indicadores en la mejora de la calidad de la educación. Hemos constatado que: a) para los profesores portugueses, el número de indicadores desfavorables para la mejora de la calidad de la enseñanza es muy superior al número de indicadores favorables, tanto en las áreas referidas a las competencias y conocimientos básicos como en las referidas al prestigio, la responsabilidad y la autonomía; b) para los directores portugueses, el número de indicadores desfavorables es superior al número de indicadores favorables en el total de todas las áreas. Concluimos que, según directores y profesores (especialmente estos), el panorama educativo del 3.º CEB en Portugal está muy por debajo de la media de los países de la OCDE en relación al potencial de mejora de la calidad de la educación en este nivel de educación.

ABSTRACT The quality of life of children is a social issue of great interest, as it involves aspects that have a lot of influence on the living standards of families in rural areas and on the care of minors in educational centers. The objective of the research was to analyze the economic factors that affect the quality of life of children in the human settlements of the Chachapoyas district. For this, economic indicators such as employment and income were taken into account. The study was basic with a descriptive approach, cross-sectional correlational; the sample consisted of 147 families, who were observed and surveyed to obtain information from the heads of household and meet the objectives of the research. As main results, it was obtained that 53.74% of the heads of household of the families living in the human settlements of the Chachapoyas district have incomes ranging from 140 to 225 dollars and that 28.57% have secondary education level. On the other hand, according to Pearson’s correlation with a value of 0.001 and a significance level of 0.993, it was shown that the variables income of the head of household and quality of life of children (families) are significantly associated in a direct way, that is, lower income of the head of household, lower quality of life of the family and children.

RESUMEN La calidad de vida de los niños y niñas es un tema social de mucho interés, pues involucra aspectos que tienen bastante influencia en el nivel de vida de las familias en zonas rurales y en la atención de los menores en los centros educativos. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los factores económicos que inciden en la calidad de vida infantil en los asentamientos humanos del distrito Chachapoyas. Para ello, se tomaron en cuenta indicadores económicos como el empleo y los ingresos. El estudio fue de tipo básica con enfoque descriptivo, de corte transversal correlacional; la muestra estuvo conformada por 147 familias, a las que se les observó y encuestó para obtener información de los jefes de hogar y cumplir con los objetivos de la investigación. Como principales resultados, se obtuvo que el 53,74% de los jefes de hogar de las familias que viven en los asentamientos humanos del distrito Chachapoyas tienen ingresos que oscilan entre 140 y 225 dólares y que el 28,57% tiene grado de instrucción secundaria. Por otro lado, según la correlación de Pearson con un valor de 0.001 y un nivel de significancia de 0.993, se demostró que las variables ingreso del jefe de hogar y calidad de vida de los niños (familias) están asociadas significativamente de manera directa, es decir, a menor ingreso del jefe de hogar, menor calidad de vida de la familia y los niños.

ABSTRACT With the objective of evaluating the sustainability of cocoa-producing farms in the Puebloviejo canton, Los Ríos province (Ecuador), through indicators proposed by Sarandón et al. (1), the sustainability of 101 farms cultivated with CCN51 and Nacional cocoa was measured and compared; To this end, a three-stage investigation was carried out. The first consisted of defining indicators by dimensions (economic, ecological, and sociocultural) and validating indicators through experts. In the second stage, field work was carried out in which information was collected on the economic, environmental and sociocultural aspects of the farms and a third part in which statistical analyzes and radial graphs were carried out. The results show that the farms producing National cocoa, obtained a General Sustainability Index (ISG) of 1.89, achieving a value of 3.0 only in the Sociocultural Indicator (ISC), the farms producing cocoa CCN-51, they achieved an ISG of 2.26, reaching a value of 3.8 in the ISC, showing that most of the farms have low sustainability. It is concluded that important improvements must be made in the evaluated variables, especially in those that obtained values lower than 2, which will lead to the improvement of the productive units in the Puebloviejo canton.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de evaluar la sustentabilidad en fincas productoras de cacao del cantón Puebloviejo, provincia de Los Ríos (Ecuador), mediante indicadores propuestos por Sarandón et al. (1), se midió y comparó la sustentabilidad de 101 fincas cultivadas con cacao CCN51 y Nacional; para ello, se realizó una investigación en tres etapas, la primera consistió en la definición de indicadores por dimensiones (económica, ecológica y sociocultural) y validación de indicadores mediante expertos; en la segunda etapa se realizó un trabajo de campo en el cual se efectuó un levantamiento de información de los aspectos económicos, ambientales y socioculturales de las fincas y una tercera parte en la que se realizaron análisis estadísticos y gráficos radiales. Los resultados muestran que las fincas productoras de cacao Nacional, obtuvieron un Índice General de Sustentabilidad (ISG) de 1,89, logrando un valor de 3,0 solo en el Indicador Sociocultural (ISC), las fincas productoras de cacao CCN-51, lograron un ISG de 2,26, alcanzando un valor de 3,8 en el ISC, mostrando que la mayoría de las fincas tienen baja sostenibilidad. Se concluye que se deben realizar mejoras importantes en las variables evaluadas, sobre todo en aquellas que se obtuvieron valores inferiores a 2, lo que conllevará al mejoramiento de las unidades de productivas en el cantón Puebloviejo.

Abstract. 17. In the present study, the physical indicators of bovine livestock in Curuzú Cuatiá department were estimated in order to provide useful information for the different economic, political, social and academic actors, as input for correct decision-making. The estimation was carried out using a methodology to measure the physical outcomes of agricultural companies according to the guidelines of the Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation (AARCAE). The bovine load was calculated in cow equivalent ha-1, the calf-cow ratio and meat production in kg ha-1. The results obtained demonstrate that the productive indicators in Curuzú Cuatiá department are favorable when compared to the same indicators in the province of Corrientes. This information will enable strengthening decision-making and the proper evaluation of the impact of various factors affecting the activity with the aim of improving the productive indicators in the province of Corrientes.

Resumen 13. En el presente estudio se estimaron los indicadores físicos de ganadería bovina del departamento de Curuzú Cuatiá con la finalidad de contar con información que resulte de utilidad a los distintos actores económicos, políticos, sociales y académicos, como insumo para la correcta toma de decisiones. Para su estimación se utilizó la metodología para medir los resultados físicos de las empresas agropecuarias acorde a los lineamientos de la Asociación Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de Experimentación Agrícola (AACREA). Se calculó la carga bovina en equivalente vaca ha-1, la relación ternero- vaca y la producción de carne en kg ha-1. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los indicadores productivos en el departamento Curuzú Cuatiá son favorables al compararlos con los mismos indicadores de la provincia de Corrientes. Esta información permitirá fortalecer la toma de decisión y la adecuada evaluación del impacto de los diferentes factores que afectan la actividad con el objeto de mejor los indicadores productivos en la provincia de Corrientes.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la emergencia de nuevas agendas políticas producto de la movilización social ocurrida en Panamá durante la pandemia y cómo estas se tradujeron, finalmente, en una nueva institución para las negociaciones de las políticas públicas: la Mesa Única de Diálogo. Se emplean las narrativas analíticas basadas en fuentes secundarias; para ello se revisó la literatura y distintos indicadores y se realizó una búsqueda hemerográfica sobre el fenómeno estudiado. Como hipótesis se plantea que, si bien han ocurrido protestas previas en la nación panameña, existe un antes y un después en relación con la ocurrida durante julio de 2022 en términos del sentido y el alcance de las reivindicaciones de los actores movilizados: se trata de un momento de irrupción de lo político, en el cual quienes no suelen tener voz se manifiestan por tenerla. En el texto se caracterizan las condiciones en que se han dado las políticas públicas en el sistema político panameño, se describen los efectos sociales y económicos de la covid-19, así como el proceso de irrupción de lo político y la emergencia de nuevas agendas durante las movilizaciones. En las conclusiones se ilustra cómo las mencionadas protestas constituyen una interrupción de los equilibrios previos de un país, donde la noción de lo público ha estado deformada y requiere ser replanteada.

Abstract This article analyzes the emergence of new political agendas as a result of the social mobilization that took place in Panama during the pandemic and how these were finally translated into a new institution for the negotiation of public policies -The Single Roundtable for Dialogue (Mesa Única de Diálogo). Analytical narratives are used based on secondary sources. To this end, the literature and various indicators were examined and a newspaper search was conducted on the phenomenon studied. The hypothesis is that, although there have been previous protests in the Panamanian nation, there is a before and an after in relation to the one that occurred in July, 2022, in terms of the meaning and scope of the demands of mobilized actors. It was a moment of political irruption, in which those who do not usually have a voice demonstrated that they have one. This text characterizes the conditions of public policies in the Panamanian political system; describes the social and economic effects of COVID-19; and describes the process of political irruption and emergence of new agendas during the mobilization. The conclusions illustrate how the aforementioned protests constituted an interruption of the previous equilibrium of the country, where the notion of the public had been distorted and needed to be reformulated.

ABSTRACT Cowpeas are of high socioeconomic importance in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, whereby the search for alternatives that offer increased productivity with financial returns has become an important challenge. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate and evaluate the economic indicators of cowpea production in 2015 and 2016 when applying drip irrigation to different depths. Irrigation treatments were based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The experiment was laid in a randomized complete blocks design with four treatments (0, 25, 50, and 100% ETc) and six replications. For economic analysis, the results were extrapolated to an area of one hectare. Productivity in 2015 was lower than that in 2016; however, in all treatments, it was always higher when plants were grown under adequate water supply. In both years, the total operating costs were higher under irrigation than under rainfed conditions. The 100% ETc treatment resulted in a greater number of cowpea bags (60 kg) produced and a higher gross revenue than the rainfed treatment by 17 bags ha-1, equivalent to 1,020 kg ha-1 (gross revenue US$ 711.48) and 16 bags ha-1, equivalent to 960 kg ha-1 (gross revenue US$ 867.12), in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Water deficit limited cowpea yield in both years but made cultivation economically unfeasible only in 2015.

RESUMO O feijão-caupi apresenta grande importância socioeconômica nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, sendo que a busca por alternativas que ofereçam aumento de produtividade com retorno financeiro tem se tornado um importante desafio. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar e avaliar os indicadores econômicos da produção de feijão-caupi nos anos de 2015 e 2016 quando da aplicação de irrigação por gotejamento em diferentes lâminas. Os tratamentos de irrigação foram baseados na evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc). O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (0, 25, 50 e 100% da ETc) e seis repetições. Para análise econômica, os resultados foram extrapolados para uma área de um hectare. A produtividade em 2015 foi inferior à de 2016; porém, em todos os tratamentos, a produtividade foi sempre maior quando as plantas foram cultivadas sob irrigação adequada. Em ambos os anos, os custos operacionais totais foram maiores sob irrigação do que sob condições de sequeiro. O tratamento 100% ETc resultou em maior número de sacas de feijão-caupi (60 kg) produzidas e receita bruta superior ao tratamento de sequeiro em 17 sacas ha-1, equivalente a 1.020 kg ha-1 (receita bruta US$ 711,48) e 16 sacas ha-1, equivalente a 960 kg ha-1 (receita bruta US$ 867,12), em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. A deficiência hídrica limitou a produtividade do feijão-caupi nos dois anos, mas inviabilizou economicamente o cultivo apenas em 2015.

Resumen El helado es un producto lácteo con características refrescantes, aroma y apariencia agradable como resultado de la adición de diferentes ingredientes. En la actualidad existe poca documentación relacionada con la evaluación económica de plantas de producción de helado, y ninguna relacionada con la simulación en SuperPro Designer® de este tipo de proceso. En este artículo, se llevó a cabo la evaluación técnico-económica de una planta de producción de helado de chocolate a escala industrial. La planta de producción estuvo basada en Cuba y fue diseñada para producir 808 envases de 10 L de helado por lote (961,520 L por año). El balance de masa y energía, así como también los principales indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad, fueron determinados mediante la aplicación del simulador SuperPro Designer®. El Valor Actual Neto, Tasa Interna de Retorno y Período de Recuperación de la Inversión fueron US $ 1 444 000, 24,45% y 4,45 años, respectivamente. Los resultados indicaron que la planta de producción de helado de chocolate fue factible bajo las condiciones económicas actuales de Cuba. El proceso de producción de helado de chocolate propuesto comienza a ser no rentable as partir de un valor del costo unitario de la leche de vaca de US $ 1,50/L y a partir de un valor de la tasa de interés de 24,45%.

Abstract Ice cream is a dairy product with refreshing features, pleasing aroma and appearance as a result of the addition of different ingredients. Currently, there is little related documentation related to the economic evaluation of ice cream production plants, and none related to the simulation in SuperPro Designer® of this type of process. In this paper, the techno-economic evaluation for an industrial-scale chocolate ice cream production plant was carried out. The production plant was based in Cuba and designed to produce 808 containers of 10 L of ice cream per batch (961,520 L per year). The mass and energy balance, as well as the main profitability and economic indicators of the process, were determined by the application of SuperPro Designer® simulator. The Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Payback Time of the project were US $ 1,444,000, 24.45% and 4.45 years, respectively. The findings indicated that the chocolate ice cream production plant was feasible under the current economic condition of Cuba. The proposed chocolate ice cream production process begins to be unprofitable from a value of the cow milk unit cost of US $ 1.50/L and from a value of the interest rate of 24.45%.

Abstract: Through a bibliometric analysis and multivariate statistical analysis techniques, the theoretical structure of social entrepreneurship was analyzed through the exploration and determination of the relationship between the dimensions and variables that make up this construct. The research allowed determining the relationships between four dimensions with their corresponding variables: social, governmental, strategic promotion of social entrepreneurship and social research device. It was found that, in the countries with better development in the field of social entrepreneurship, there was a balance between its theoretical and practical development. Social research devices were highlighted to provide a theoretical basis and use the information and knowledge management framework. It was also revealed that the most developed economies, paradoxically, are those that show the best theoretical and practical indicators of social entrepreneurship, in contrast to developing countries, where the solution to social problems accumulated for centuries, in a sustainable way, is more imperative. On the other hand, social entrepreneurship can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals in countries with weaker economies, but its promotion must be planned and applied with a practical approach, based on economic-commercial development that supports the romantic or political ideal.

Resumen: Mediante un análisis bibliométrico y técnicas de análisis estadístico multivariado se analizó la estructura teórica del emprendimiento social a través de la exploración y determinación de la relación entre las dimensiones y variables que componen este constructo. La investigación permitió determinar las relaciones entre cuatro dimensiones con sus correspondientes variables: social, gubernamental, de fomento estratégico del emprendimiento social y dispositivo de investigación social. Se constató que, en los países con mejor desarrollo en el ámbito del emprendimiento social, existía un equilibro entre su desarrollo teórico y práctico. Se destacaron los dispositivos de investigación social para proveer una base teórica y, así, poder utilizar el marco de la gestión de la información y el conocimiento. También se reveló que las economías más desarrolladas, paradójicamente, son las que muestran mejores indicadores teóricos y prácticos de emprendimiento social, en contraposición con países en vías de desarrollo en los que es más imperioso la solución (de manera sostenible) a problemas sociales acumulados por siglos. Por otra parte, el emprendimiento social puede contribuir con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en los países con economías más débiles, pero su impulso debe planearse y aplicarse con un enfoque práctico, basado en el desarrollo económico y comercial que sustente al ideal romántico o político.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze technical and economic indicators of responses of papaya (Carica papaya L.) to the production factors water and organic compost, in a rural property with characteristic of family farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020, in the first crop cycle, in the municipality of Pentecoste, Ceara, Brazil. A Formosa papaya crop (cultivar Tainung 1) was established with spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m, and irrigated by a micro-sprinkler localized system. A randomized block design was used, with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The primary treatments consisted of four irrigation water depths (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration), and the secondary treatments consisted of four organic compost rates (0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the required rate for the crop). The irrigation water productivity of 5.38 R$ (BRL) m-3, related to the requirements of the production factors, on average, is five-fold the reference value for papaya crops under conventional production system. Rural credit allows the farmer to reach a social reproduction level with a papaya crop area that can be, on average, half of that needed under conditions without financing.

RESUMO A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar indicadores técnicos e econômicos da resposta do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) aos fatores de produção água e composto orgânico em uma propriedade com característica de agricultura familiar no semiárido brasileiro. O estudo foi conduzido no período de agosto de 2019 a julho de 2020 no primeiro ciclo de produção no município de Pentecoste-CE. A cultura do mamoeiro Formosa tipo Tainung 1 foi estabelecida no espaçamento de 2,5 m x 2,5 m, sendo a irrigação realizada por sistema localizado do tipo microaspersão. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas em quatro repetições, com tratamentos primários constituídos por quatro lâminas de irrigação (60%, 80%, 100% e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura) e tratamentos secundários por quatro níveis de composto orgânico (0%, 50%, 100% e 150% da dose requerida pela cultura). A produtividade da água de irrigação relativa aos requerimentos dos fatores de produção no valor 4,51 R$ m-3 representou em média cinco vezes o valor de referência para o cultivo do mamoeiro em sistema de produção convencional; O crédito rural permitiu alcançar o nível de reprodução social com o cultivo de uma área que em média representa a metade da área em condições que não ocorra o financiamento.

Abstract Thorstein Veblen’s work was a cornerstone in American economics during the late 19th and early 20th century. Veblen is usually characterized as a founding father of American Institutionalism, which competed with Neoclassical Economics in the mainstreaming process of American economics during the first half of the 20th century. Given the huge Veblen’s writings impact on economics, it is possible to find mainstream economics papers that mention Veblen’s contribution – hence, they would be not an exclusivity of the heterodox approach. The goal of our study is to investigate how papers published by heterodox and mainstream journals deal with Veblen’s writings. Our investigation is based on a bibliometric analysis to identify Veblen’s economics ideas as referenced in papers published by top heterodox and mainstream journals. Bibliometry is also applied in our paper to build indicators and analyze patterns.

Resumo A obra de Thorstein Veblen foi um marco na ciência econômica norte americana no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Veblen é geralmente caracterizado como um dos fundadores do Institucionalismo Americano, corrente do pensamento econômico que competiu com a Economia Neoclássica no processo de mainstreaming da ciência econômica norte americana durante a primeira metade do século XX. Dado o enorme impacto dos escritos de Veblen na ciência econômica, é possível encontrar artigos econômicos mainstreaming que mencionam a contribuição de Veblen – portanto, ela não seria uma exclusividade da abordagem heterodoxa. O objetivo do nosso estudo é investigar como artigos publicados por periódicos heterodoxos e mainstreaming lidam com os escritos de Veblen. Nossa investigação é baseada em uma análise bibliométrica para identificar como as ideias econômicas de Veblen são mencionadas em artigos publicados pelos principais periódicos heterodoxos e mainstreaming. A bibliometria também é aplicada, em nosso artigo, para construir indicadores e analisar padrões.